Objective To grasp the environmental distribution and density fluctuation of Aedes albopictus in Minhang district, Shanghai, China, and to provide a reference for scientific prevention and control of dengue epidemic. Methods From May to October 2018, the Breteau index (BI) method and the mosquito ovitrap index (MOI) method were applied to monitor Ae. albopictus larvae in residential areas, hospitals, and schools, and from April to November 2018, the carbon dioxide trapping method was adopted to monitor adult Ae. albopictus in residential areas, rural households, and hospitals, in order to observe the distribution characteristics and population density fluctuation of Ae. albopictus in different seasons. Results Both BI and MOI in Minhang district showed a unimodal trend. BI peaked in July (peak value 17.82) and MOI peaked in August (peak value 13.50). Both indices were found highest in schools and kindergartens (BI:17.57; MOI:11.84). Adult Ae. albopictus density measured by the carbon dioxide trapping method showed a unimodal trend. The peak value (2.40) was observed in August, and the highest density (3.84) was found in residential areas. Conclusion During the peak period of dengue epidemic, scientific and effective methods should be adopted to monitor the density fluctuation of Ae. albopictus, and comprehensive control should be carried out based on the monitoring data to effectively prevent outbreak of dengue fever in the local area.

Objective To investigate the natural hosts of scrub typhus and the parasitism status on their body surface in Ganzhou, Jiangxi province, China, and to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of scrub typhus in the area. Methods In Ganzhou, the host animals were captured in four surveillance sites (Yudu, Xunwu, Ganxian, and Shangyou counties) from September to October in each of 2015 and 2016 using the trap-at-night method. The species of the hosts was identified. The chigger mites on their body surface were subjected to comb inspection to identify the species and calculate chigger index. Results A total of 429 small animals (7 species) were captured, with a capture rate of 8.95%. Of the 7 species, Rattus losea was the dominant species, accounting for 51.75%. There were 188 host animals with chigger mites, and the host animals with chigger mites were mostly R. losea, with an overall chigger infestation rate of 43.82%. The chigger infestation rate was higher in Apodemus agrarius, R. norvegicus, and R. losea. A total of 2 875 chigger mites were captured, with a chigger index of 6.70, and R. norvegicus, A. agrarius, and R. losea had a higher chigger index. The species identification of parasitic mites in the 188 host animals showed that there were 5 species of chigger mites, and Leptotrombidium deliense was the dominant species, accounting for 61.70%. Conclusion Ganzhou is possibly a natural focus of scrub typhus, and the dominant host animal and vector are R. losea and L. deliense, respectively. It is necessary to conduct etiological and epidemiological study for the confirmation and futher evidences on the prevention and control of scrub typhus.

Objective To study the infection of Schistosomiasis in small mammals and other final host after achieving control standards of schistosomiasis in Eryuan, explore small mammals' roles in schistosomiasis transmission in mountainous endemic regions in Yunnan province. Methods To capture the small mammals by night trapping method in the cultivated area with snail breeding around the villages. The infection by anatomical observation and stool examination after taxonomic identification of the small mammals. The infection of Schistosomiasis of residents and domestic animals, and situation on the snails were surveyed by the routine method,2010-2011. Results Six species, 4 genera, 3 families and 3 orders of 307 small mammals were captured in the schistosomiasis area. The rate of the captured was 12.79%. The predominant species were Rattus sladeni and Apodemus chevrieri, which accounted for 53.75% and 20.85% respectively. Among 305 small mammals being tested, one R. sladeni was infected with Schistosomiasis japonica, the infection rate of R. sladeni was 0.61%(1/165) and EPG(x) was 0.291, small mammals was 0.33%(1/305)and EPG(x) was 0.157. The infection rate of Schistosomiasis of humans, cattles, horses and dogs were about 1.01%(6/597), 0.83%(5/599), 0.58% (1/173), and 5.91% (13/220), and other animals were negative. The infectiosity EPG(x) of humans, cattles, horses and dogs were 0.009-0.010, 0.005, 0.007, and 0.080. There was statistical significance between the infection rate of Schistosomiasis of small mammals and dogs (χ²=15.339, P<0.05), as small mammals with others no significant differences. Density of living snails was decreased and no infected snail was found. Conclusion The result indicated the low infection of Schistosomiasis in small mammals in the area where it was achieved with control standard of Schistosomiasis. Further investigation may need to confirm the infection of Schistosomiasis in small mammals in some areas of mountainous valley region.

Objective To identify the population composition, distribution and biology of mosquitoes in Anhui province as evidence for the development of control strategies against mosquito-borne diseases. Methods Mosquito were captured or collected by the man-hour or light trap Methods. Results From August to September 2009, 2086 mosquitoes were captured, which belonged to 10 species, 5 subgenera, 4 genera and 2 subfamily. The dominant species was Culex tritaeniorhynchus (67.79%), and Cx. pipiens pallens (12.03%), Cx. bitaeniorhynchus (11.79%), Armigeres subalbatus (5.03%) and Anopheles sinensis (1.58%) were commonly seen in summer. The mosquito populations varied in different habitats. Conclusion The mosquito population composition was dependent on habitat type, breeding resources, climate and geographic factors. Hence, effective mosquito control strategies should be tailored to local mosquito population structures.

Objective To determine the density fluctuation and population composition of mosquitoes in Anhui, providing scientific evidence for further development of control and prevention strategies. Methods From May to October in 2004 and 2007, man?attracting and net trap approaches were used to monitor the density of mosquitoes, which were then classified, identified and counted. Results The mosquito density peaked in the period from July to September, particularly in early July (641.4/person hour) and late August (824.6/person hour). The highest density was present in late August. The dominant species was Culex tritaeniorhynchus, accounting for 65.36% of the total captures. Conclusion Cx. tritaeniorhynchus was the dominant species in Anhui, to which importance should be attached in further prevention and control process. The development of control strategies should be based on the occurrence patterns derived from the monitoring data.

【Abstract】 Objective To survey reservoir hosts of desert-type kala-azar in Tarim Basin. Methods Collect animal samples in winter, and screen the samples which antibody were positive by ELISA. Leishmania was isolated by Lagurus lagurus inoculation and tissue culture. The specific gene sequences of Leishmania infantum isolated from kala?azar patients, Yarkend hare and Phlebotomus wui were amplified by molecular biological technology. Results There was Leishmania antibodies in Yarkend hare and Canis familiaris, and 3 strains of Leishmania were isolated from 44 of Yarkend hare which antibodies were positive. The NAGT gene sequences amplified from hares (3 strains), patients (1 strain) and vectors (6 strains) were same, according with the sequence of  L.infantum (AF205934)  from GenBank.  Conclusion It suggests that yarkend hare is one of the primal host of desert-type kala-azar in Tarim Basin.

Objective To investigate the resistance of Culex pipiens pallens to five pesticides in Hefei and provide the science evidence for its control.Methods The dipping method recommended by WHO was used to assay the medium lethal concentration(LC ₅₀) of the fourth-instar larvae.Results The resistance of Cx.pipiens pallens to dichlorvos,acetophenate and permethrin was in lower level and the resistance ratio were 2.20,2.30 and 3.19 respectively.The resistance of Cx.pipiens pallens to deltamethrin and alpha-cypermethrin was in medium level and the resistance ratio were 4.85 and 5.16 respectively.Conclusion The results showed that Cx.pipiens pallens had different resistance to five pesticides tested.Of which,the resistance level to deltamethrin and alpha-cypermethrin was higher.

Objective The resistance of Blattella germanica to deltamethrin,alpha-cypermethrin,fenvalerate,permethrin,tetramethrin,and dichlorovos,was investigated so as to make the corresponding control strategy and the intelligent usage of German cockroach insecticides in Hefei.Methods The jar method of insecticide exposure was used.Results The KT ₅₀ of field-collected population to deltamethrin,alpha-cypermethrin,fenvalerate,permethrin,tetramethrin,and dichlorovos were 9.01,7.20,7.32,15.14,8.41 and 19.57 min respectively,the resistance ratios of field-collected strain for each insecticide were 2.30,1.51,1.20,3.03,2.42,1.80 respectively.Conclusion The experiment showed that German cockroach had the relative resistance to deltamethrin,permethrin,and tetramethrin,and especially had higher resistance to permethrin.They were susceptible to alpha-cypermethrin,fenvalerate,and dichlorovos.

Objective To study the season growth and decay of mosquitoes density and the species composition outdoor in Changfeng county to provide the scientific basis for preventing mosquitoes. Methods The mosquitoes were collected by 15 minutes indoor resting collection from June to October,and then classified,identified and counted. Results The peak of density of mosquito outdoor occured from July to September. Septembers was the highest. The dominant species was Culex tritaeniorhynchus,with proportion of 63.23% of the total mosquitoes,and its three peaks occurred in the lastest ten days of July and August and the middle ten days of september. Conclusion Cx.tritaeniorhynchus was the dominant species outdoor in Changfeng county. It was most notable in preventing and controlling.

Objective To study the efficacy of emulsifiable concentrate against Culex pipiens pallens, Musca domestica vicina and Blattella germanica in lab.Methods The laboratory efficacy test,the analogous site efficacy test and the forcing-contact method efficacy test had been done against Culex pipiens pallens, Musca domestica vicina and Blattella germanica.Results Laboratory efficacy test showed that KT_(50) of the insecticide was(2.40 min) and(24 h) mortality was 100% against Culex pipiens pallens;KT_(50) of the insecticide was(2.81 min) and(24 h) mortality was 100% against Musca domestica vicina;KT_(50) of the insecticide was(4.67 min) and(72 h) mortality was 100% against Blattella germanica.Mimic field efficacy test showed that(1 h) knock down rate was 100% and(24 h) mortality was 100% against Culex pipiens pallens;(1 h) knock down rate was(98.03%) and(24 h) mortality was 100% against Musca domestica vicina;(1 h) knock down rate was 95% and(72 h) mortality was 100% against Blattella germanica.On the glass surface of the three,the efficacy was the best,the long-lasting efficacy was over 90 days for the three insects.Conclusion 10% emulsifiable concentrate had good efficacy against Culex pipiens pallens, Musca domestica vicina and Blattella germanica.

Objective To develop a polymerase chain reaction(PCR) method to detect Yersina pestis by multiplex primers(M-PCR).Methods Four pairs of primers,originated from the genes F1(specific capsular antigen fraction 1), pla(palsminogen activator), Hms and Inv encoded on the two kinds of 65×10 ⁶ plasmids and two chromosomal DNA,were designed and 164 strains ofc Y.pestis were amplified with multiplex primers.Results One hundred and fifty-two of 164 strains of(Y.pestis) showed positive in M-PCR.Only 12 strains of them isolated from Yunnan were negative with amplification of the Hms gene.Conclusion M-PCR method showed satisfactory sensitivity,specificity and stability for detecting and identifying Y.pestis DNA and could be used in surveillance and rapid diagnosis for plague.

Objective:To study the resistance against ten insecticides of houseflies in slaughterhouse in Hefei city.An hui province.Methods:House flies in slaughterhouse were tested for resistance to ten insecticides(Permethrin,Alphamethrin,Esbiothrin,Tetramethrin,Methothrin,Deltamethrin,dichlorovos,Trichlophon,Acephate,Bassa) by median lethal dose(LD ₅₀).Result:The flies were highly resistant to Deltamethrin and Dichlorovos(more than 100 times),and susceptible or tolerant to Permethrin,Esbiothrin and Methothrin.Conclusion:In slaughterhouse house flies control by chemical method should be selected the suitable insecticide just as Permethrin.

The authors made an investigation on fauna distribution in Huangcang Valley, XiaoCounty Huaibei Anhui Province'in Sept.1995.The authors divided this small geographically monotonousvalley into three sections as their landscape variations: conifer tree area, decidous-broadleaf tree area andcultivated & uncultivated land area.A total number of 119 rodent specimens in 7 species were caught.The rodent desity was 19.83% in the cultivated & uncultivated land-the highest among the threeareas. Apoemu agrarius, being the dominate species, 58.34% ocupation in rodent population.The rodent density in decidous-broadleaf tree area was 13.53% and 72.98% of which was ocupied by Rattusnivirenter.The lowest density was found in conifer tree area.It was only 7.53% with dominant Apodemus draco taking 61.90% ocupation.The Rattus niviwnter & Apodemus draco were the first time tohave been found in Huaibei Anhui Province.Of all the 7 species, one belongs to Oriental realm species;three are widely spread species; three are Palaearctic species.The authors consider that the fauna distribution in Huangcang Valley falls into Palaearctic realm according to total composition and dominant species,however there is obvious color of transition.